水肥(fei)一體(ti)化技術(shu)要配套應用作物良種、病蟲害防治和田間(jian)管理技術(shu)，還可(ke)因作物制宜(yi)，采用地(di)膜(mo)(mo)覆蓋技術(shu)，形(xing)成(cheng)膜(mo)(mo)下滴(di)灌等形(xing)式，充(chong)分發揮節水節肥(fei)優勢，達到(dao)提高作物產量(liang)、改善作物品質，增加效益的目的。那么應該怎么施肥(fei)呢?邯(han)鄲眾智(zhi)鑫(xin)廠家(jia)給出了(le)方(fang)案(an)，希(xi)望能幫助到(dao)大(da)家(jia)：

　　1.微灌(guan)(guan)施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)系(xi)統的(de)選(xuan)擇根據水源、地形、種植面積、作(zuo)物種類，選(xuan)擇不同的(de)微灌(guan)(guan)施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)系(xi)統。保護(hu)地栽培、露地瓜菜種植、大田經濟(ji)作(zuo)物栽培一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)選(xuan)擇滴灌(guan)(guan)施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)系(xi)統，施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)裝(zhuang)置保護(hu)地一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)選(xuan)擇施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)機、壓差式施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)罐或(huo)注(zhu)肥(fei)泵。果園一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)選(xuan)擇微噴施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)系(xi)統，施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)裝(zhuang)置一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)選(xuan)擇智能(neng)施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)機。

　　2.制定微(wei)灌(guan)施肥方案(an)

　　(1)微灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)制度的(de)確(que)(que)定(ding)根據種(zhong)植作(zuo)(zuo)物的(de)需水量和(he)作(zuo)(zuo)物生育期(qi)的(de)降(jiang)水量確(que)(que)定(ding)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)水定(ding)額。露地微灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)施肥(fei)的(de)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)溉(gai)定(ding)額應(ying)比(bi)大水漫灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)減少(shao)50%，保護地滴灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)施肥(fei)的(de)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)水定(ding)額應(ying)比(bi)大棚畦灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)減少(shao)30%-40%。灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)溉(gai)定(ding)額確(que)(que)定(ding)后，依據作(zuo)(zuo)物的(de)需水規律、降(jiang)水情況及土(tu)壤(rang)墑情確(que)(que)定(ding)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)水時期(qi)、次(ci)(ci)數和(he)每次(ci)(ci)的(de)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)水量。

　　(2)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)制度(du)的(de)(de)確定(ding)(ding)微(wei)灌(guan)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)技術和(he)傳(chuan)統施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)技術存在顯著(zhu)的(de)(de)差別。合(he)理(li)的(de)(de)微(wei)灌(guan)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)制度(du)，應(ying)首先(xian)根據種植作(zuo)物的(de)(de)需肥(fei)(fei)(fei)規(gui)(gui)律、地(di)塊的(de)(de)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)力水(shui)平及目(mu)標(biao)產量確定(ding)(ding)總(zong)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)量、氮磷(lin)鉀比(bi)例及底、追肥(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)比(bi)例。作(zuo)底肥(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)料在整地(di)前施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)入，追肥(fei)(fei)(fei)則(ze)按照不同作(zuo)物生(sheng)長(chang)期(qi)的(de)(de)需肥(fei)(fei)(fei)特(te)性，確定(ding)(ding)其(qi)次數(shu)和(he)數(shu)量。實施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)微(wei)灌(guan)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)技術可使肥(fei)(fei)(fei)料利用(yong)率提高40%~50%，故微(wei)灌(guan)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)用(yong)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)量為常規(gui)(gui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)50%-60%。仍(reng)以(yi)設(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)栽(zai)培(pei)(pei)番茄為例，目(mu)標(biao)產量為10000公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)/畝，每生(sheng)產1000公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)番茄吸收N：3.18公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)、P2O5：0.74公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)、K2O：4.83公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)，養(yang)(yang)分(fen)總(zong)需求量是N：31.8公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)、P2O5：7.4公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)、K2O：48.3公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin);設(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)栽(zai)培(pei)(pei)條件下當(dang)季(ji)氮肥(fei)(fei)(fei)利用(yong)率57%-65%，磷(lin)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)為35%-42%，鉀肥(fei)(fei)(fei)為70%-80%;實現上述(shu)產量應(ying)畝施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)N：53.12公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)、P2O5：18.5公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)，K2O：60.38公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)，合(he)計132公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(未計算(suan)土壤(rang)養(yang)(yang)分(fen)含量)。再以(yi)番茄營養(yang)(yang)特(te)點為依據，擬(ni)定(ding)(ding)番茄各生(sheng)育期(qi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)方案。

　　(3)肥(fei)料(liao)(liao)的(de)選擇微灌施肥(fei)系統(tong)施用(yong)底肥(fei)與傳統(tong)施肥(fei)相同(tong)，可(ke)(ke)包括多種(zhong)有機肥(fei)和多種(zhong)化肥(fei)。但(dan)微灌追肥(fei)的(de)肥(fei)料(liao)(liao)品(pin)種(zhong)必須是可(ke)(ke)溶性(xing)肥(fei)料(liao)(liao)。符合國家標準(zhun)或行業(ye)標準(zhun)的(de)尿素、碳酸(suan)氫(qing)(qing)銨(an)(an)、氯(lv)化銨(an)(an)、硫酸(suan)銨(an)(an)、硫酸(suan)鉀(jia)、氯(lv)化鉀(jia)等肥(fei)料(liao)(liao)，純度較(jiao)高，雜質較(jiao)少，溶于(yu)水后不會產生沉(chen)(chen)淀，均可(ke)(ke)用(yong)作追肥(fei)。補(bu)充磷(lin)素一(yi)般采用(yong)磷(lin)酸(suan)二氫(qing)(qing)鉀(jia)等可(ke)(ke)溶性(xing)肥(fei)料(liao)(liao)作追肥(fei)。追肥(fei)補(bu)充微量元(yuan)素肥(fei)料(liao)(liao)，一(yi)般不能與磷(lin)素追肥(fei)同(tong)時使用(yong)，以免形成不溶性(xing)磷(lin)酸(suan)鹽沉(chen)(chen)淀，堵塞(sai)滴頭或噴頭。